TURKEY

Country Profile Modern Turkey was founded in 1923 from the Anatolian remnants of the defeated Ottoman Empire by national hero Mustafa KEMAL, who was later honored with the title Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." Under his authoritarian leadership, the country adopted wide-ranging social, legal, and political reforms. After a period of one-party rule, an experiment with multi-party politics led to the 1950 election victory of the opposition Democratic Party and the peaceful transfer of power. Since then, Turkish political parties have multiplied, but democracy has been fractured by periods of instability and intermittent military coups (1960, 1971, 1980), which in each case eventually resulted in a return of political power to civilians. In 1997, the military again helped engineer the ouster - popularly dubbed a "post-modern coup" - of the then Islamic-oriented government. Turkey intervened militarily on Cyprus in 1974 to prevent a Greek takeover of the island and has since acted as patron state to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which only Turkey recognizes. A separatist insurgency begun in 1984 by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) - now known as the People's Congress of Kurdistan or Kongra-Gel (KGK) - has dominated the Turkish military's attention and claimed more than 30,000 lives. After the capture of the group's leader in 1999, the insurgents largely withdrew from Turkey mainly to northern Iraq. In 2004, KGK announced an end to its ceasefire and attacks attributed to the KGK increased. Turkey joined the UN in 1945 and in 1952 it became a member of NATO. In 1964, Turkey became an associate member of the European Community; over the past decade, it has undertaken many reforms to strengthen its democracy and economy enabling it to begin accession membership talks with the European Union. Disputes complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh Location Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria Coordinates 39° 0' N 35° 0' E Capital Ankara Main Cities Adana, Bursa, Istanbul, Izmir Area 780580 km2 Boundaries (km) 2,648 - Armenia 268, Azerbaijan 9, Bulgaria 240, Georgia 252, Greece 206, Iran 499, Iraq 352, Syria 822 Coastline (km) 7,200 Timezone (GMT) 3 Population 71,892,807 (July 2008 est.) Public Holidays Independence Day, 29 October (1923) Currency Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005 GDP $888 billion (2007 est.) Main Exports apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment Climate temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior Natural Hazards very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van Physical Features Mt Ararat, high central plateau (Anatolia) Environmental Agreements party to: Air Pollution, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification

Flag Country Map(s)

Population and Demographics

Turkey has a population of 71,892,807 (July 2008 est.) .

Capital	Ankara
Main urban areas	Adana, Bursa, Istanbul, Izmir
Ethnic groups	Turkish 80%, Kurdish 20% (estimated)
Languages spoken	Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Population age 0-14: 24.4% (m 8,937,515/f 8,608,375) 15-64: 68.6% (m 25,030,793/f 24,253,312) 65+: 7% (m 2,307,236/f 2,755,576) (2008 est.)
	0-14	15-64	65+
Gender ratios At birth: 1.05 m/f , 0-14: 1.04 m/f , 15-64: 1.03 m/f , 65+: 0.84 m/f Total population: 1.02 m/f (2008 est.)

Changing Population (Life expectancy, births, deaths and fertility)

The population growth rate for Turkey is 1.013% (2008 est.) (world growth rate at 2006 is 1.14%). The country also saw migration of 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.). The median age of the country is total: 29 years male: 28.8 years female: 29.2 years (2008 est.).

Note: on the graphs, world figures are represented by a red bar, figures for Turkey are illustrated with a green bar.

Life Expectancy:	Total population: 73.14 years Male: 70.67 years Female: 75.73 years (2008 est.)	[73.14] [64.77] [ Male:, m] [63.16, m] [, f] [66.47, f]
Fertility:	1.87 children born/woman (2008 est.)	[1.87] [2.59]
Births:	16.15 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)	[16.15] [20.05]
Deaths:	6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)	[6.02] [8.67]
Infants:	Total: 36.98 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 40.44 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 33.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)	[36.98] [48.87] [40.44, m] [50.98, m] [33.34, f] [46.65, f]

Country Outline Map

Geographic Data
Turkey is located in Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria, in the timezone GMT 3. The country has boundaries of 2,648 - Armenia 268, Azerbaijan 9, Bulgaria 240, Georgia 252, Greece 206, Iran 499, Iraq 352, Syria 822 (km), and a coastline of 7,200 (km). Major urban areas: Ankara, Adana, Bursa, Istanbul, Izmir.

Elevations
Lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m Highest point: Mount Ararat 5,166 m

Physical Features
Mt Ararat, high central plateau (Anatolia)

Hazards
Very severe earthquakes, especially in northern Turkey, along an arc extending from the Sea of Marmara to Lake Van

Climate
Temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Natural Resources
Coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower

Land Use
Arable land: 29.81% permanent crops: 3.39% other: 66.8% (2005)

Renewable Water Resources
234 cu km (2003)

Fresh Water Withdrawal
total: 39.78 cu km/yr (15%/11%/74%) per capita: 544 cu m/yr (2001)

Environmental Issues
Water pollution from dumping of chemicals and detergents; air pollution, particularly in urban areas; deforestation; concern for oil spills from increasing Bosporus ship traffic

Detailed country map

Economic Data

Economy Overview
Turkey’s dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still accounts for more than 35% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication.

The largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics industries, are rising in importance within Turkey’s export mix. Real GNP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. The economy is turning around with the implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 GDP growth reached 9%, followed by roughly 5% annual growth from 2005-07. Inflation fell to 7.7% in 2005 - a 30-year low - but climbed back to 8.5% in 2007.

Despite the strong economic gains from 2002-07, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current account deficit and high external debt. Further economic and judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost foreign direct investment.

The stock value of FDI currently stands at about $85 billion. Privatization sales are currently approaching $21 billion. Oil began to flow through the Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to market. In 2007, Turkish financial markets weathered significant domestic political turmoil, including turbulence sparked by controversy over the selection of former Foreign Minister Abdullah GUL as Turkey’s 11th president.

Economic fundamentals are sound, marked by strong economic growth and foreign direct investment. Turkey’s high current account deficit leaves the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in investor confidence, however.

Debt and Aid
Debt: $247.2 billion (31 December 2007)
Aid Given: N/A
Aid Received: ODA, $464 million (2005)

Labour Force
Number in labour force: 23.53 million note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2007 est.)
Sectors: agriculture: 35.9% industry: 22.8% services: 41.2% (3rd quarter)
Unemployment: 9.9% plus underemployment of 4% (2007 est.)

GDP Facts and Figures
Currency: Turkish lira (TRY); old Turkish lira (TRL) before 1 January 2005
GDP: $888 billion (2007 est.)
GDP Per Capita: $12,900 (2007 est.)
GDP Real Growth: 5% (2007 est.)
GDP Composition: agriculture: 8.9% industry: 28.3% services: 62.8% (2007 est.)
Production Growth Rate: 5.4% (2007 est.)

Industries, Land Use and Resource Consumption
Industries: textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber, paper
Land use: arable land: 29.81% permanent crops: 3.39% other: 66.8% (2005)
Exports: apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport equipment
Electricity Consumption: 129 billion kWh (2005)
Natural Gas Consumption: 26.25 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Oil Consumption: 660,800 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Transport and Communications

A selection of key transport and communications information for Turkey

Number of main telephone lines
18.978 million (2005)

Mobile (cellular) phones
52.663 million (2006)

Radio stations
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)

Television stations
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)

Internet users
12.284 million (2006)

Country internet code
.tr

Railways
total: 8,697 km standard gauge: 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (2,122 km electrified) (2005)

Highways
total: 347,553 km paved: 154,807 km (including 1,886 km of expressways) unpaved: 192,747 km (2004)

Waterways
1,200 km (2005)

Pipelines
gas 3,177 km; oil 3,562 km (2004)

Ports and harbours
Aliaga, Ambarli, Eregli, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Toros

Airports
117 (2007)

Heliports
18 (2007)

CANADA

Country Profile A land of vast distances and rich natural resources, Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867 while retaining ties to the British crown. Economically and technologically the nation has developed in parallel with the US, its neighbor to the south across an unfortified border. Canada faces the political challenges of meeting public demands for quality improvements in health care and education services, as well as responding to separatist concerns in predominantly francophone Quebec. Canada also aims to develop its diverse energy resources while maintaining its commitment to the environment. Disputes Managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland Location Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US Coordinates 60° 0' N 96° 0' W Capital Ottawa Main Cities Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg Area 9984670 km2 Boundaries (km) 8,893 - US 8,893 (includes 2,477 with Alaska) Coastline (km) 202,080 Timezone (GMT) -3.5 to -8 Population 33,212,696 (July 2008 est.) Public Holidays Canada Day, 1 July (1867) Currency Canadian dollar (CAD) GDP $1.266 trillion (2007 est.) Main Exports motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum Climate varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north Natural Hazards continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains Physical Features Mainly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast. Main features includes; Great Lakes, Lake Superior (82,260 km2), Lake Huron (59,580 km2), Great Bear Lake (31,330 km2), Great Slave Lake (28,570 km2), Lake Erie (25,710 km2), Lake Winnipeg (24,390 km2), Lake Ontario (19,270 km2), Mackenzie-Slave-Peace-Finlay river (4,240 km), Niagara Falls, Rocky Mountains, Coast Mountains and St Lawrence waterway Environmental Agreements party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Marine Life Conservation

Flag Country Map(s)

Population and Demographics

Canada has a population of 33,212,696 (July 2008 est.) .

Capital	Ottawa
Main urban areas	Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg
Ethnic groups	British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%
Languages spoken	English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%

Population age 0-14: 16.3% (m 2,780,491/f 2,644,276) 15-64: 68.8% (m 11,547,354/f 11,300,639) 65+: 14.9% (m 2,150,991/f 2,788,945) (2008 est.)
	0-14	15-64	65+
Gender ratios At birth: 1.06 m/f , 0-14: 1.05 m/f , 15-64: 1.02 m/f , 65+: 0.77 m/f Total population: 0.98 m/f (2008 est.)

Changing Population (Life expectancy, births, deaths and fertility)

The population growth rate for Canada is 0.83% (2008 est.) (world growth rate at 2006 is 1.14%). The country also saw migration of 5.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.). The median age of the country is total: 40.1 years male: 39 years female: 41.2 years (2008 est.).

Note: on the graphs, world figures are represented by a red bar, figures for Canada are illustrated with a green bar.

Life Expectancy:	Total population: 81.16 years Male: 78.65 years Female: 83.81 years (2008 est.)	[81.16] [64.77] [ Male:, m] [63.16, m] [, f] [66.47, f]
Fertility:	1.57 children born/woman (2008 est.)	[1.57] [2.59]
Births:	10.29 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)	[10.29] [20.05]
Deaths:	7.61 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)	[7.61] [8.67]
Infants:	Total: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births Male: 5.4 deaths/1,000 live births Female: 4.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)	[5.08] [48.87] [5.4, m] [50.98, m] [4.75, f] [46.65, f]

Geographic Data
Canada is located in Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US, in the timezone GMT -3.5 to -8. The country has boundaries of 8,893 - US 8,893 (includes 2,477 with Alaska) (km), and a coastline of 202,080 (km). Major urban areas: Ottawa, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Quebec City, Toronto, Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg.

Elevations
Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m

Physical Features
Mainly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast. Main features includes; Great Lakes, Lake Superior (82,260 km2), Lake Huron (59,580 km2), Great Bear Lake (31,330 km2), Great Slave Lake (28,570 km2), Lake Erie (25,710 km2), Lake Winnipeg (24,390 km2), Lake Ontario (19,270 km2), Mackenzie-Slave-Peace-Finlay river (4,240 km), Niagara Falls, Rocky Mountains, Coast Mountains and St Lawrence waterway

Hazards
Continuous permafrost in north is a serious obstacle to development; cyclonic storms form east of the Rocky Mountains, a result of the mixing of air masses from the Arctic, Pacific, and North American interior, and produce most of the country's rain and snow east of the mountains

Climate
Varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Natural Resources
Iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower

Land Use
Arable land: 4.57% permanent crops: 0.65% other: 94.78% (2005)

Renewable Water Resources
3,300 cu km (1985)

Fresh Water Withdrawal
total: 44.72 cu km/yr (20%/69%/12%) per capita: 1,386 cu m/yr (1996)

Environmental Issues
Air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities

Detailed country map

Economic Data

Economy Overview
As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects.

Top-notch fiscal management has produced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over the equitable distribution of federal funds to the Canadian provinces. Exports account for roughly a third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the US, which absorbs 80% of Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US’s largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. During 2007, Canada enjoyed good economic growth, moderate inflation, and the lowest unemployment rate in more than three decades.

Debt and Aid
Debt: $758.6 billion (30 June 2007)
Aid Given: ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Aid Received: $NA

Labour Force
Number in labour force: 17.95 million (2007 est.)
Sectors: agriculture 2%, manufacturing 13%, construction 6%, services 76%, other 3% (2006)
Unemployment: 6% (2007 est.)

GDP Facts and Figures
Currency: Canadian dollar (CAD)
GDP: $1.266 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP Per Capita: $38,400 (2007 est.)
GDP Real Growth: 2.7% (2007 est.)
GDP Composition: agriculture: 2.1% industry: 28.8% services: 69.1% (2007 est.)
Production Growth Rate: 0.3% (2007 est.)

Industries, Land Use and Resource Consumption
Industries: transportation equipment, chemicals, processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products, fish products, petroleum and natural gas
Land use: arable land: 4.57% permanent crops: 0.65% other: 94.78% (2005)
Exports: motor vehicles and parts, industrial machinery, aircraft, telecommunications equipment; chemicals, plastics, fertilizers; wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, natural gas, electricity, aluminum
Electricity Consumption: 540.2 billion kWh (2005)
Natural Gas Consumption: 92.76 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Oil Consumption: 2.29 million bbl/day (2005)

Transport and Communications

A selection of key transport and communications information for Canada

Number of main telephone lines
20.78 million (2005)

Mobile (cellular) phones
17.017 million (2005)

Radio stations
AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)

Television stations
80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)

Internet users
22 million (2005)

Country internet code
.ca

Railways
total: 48,467 km standard gauge: 48,467 km 1.435-m gauge (2005)

Highways
total: 1,042,300 km paved: 415,600 km (including 17,000 km of expressways) unpaved: 626,700 km (2005)

Waterways
631 km note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2003)

Pipelines
crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km (2003)

Ports and harbours
Fraser River Port, Halifax, Montreal, Port Cartier, Quebec, Saint John's (Newfoundland), Sept Isles, Vancouver

Airports
1,343 (2007)

Heliports
11 (2007)